Lung cancer, regrettably, is responsible for the death of many, both men and women; in fact, it is the first leading cause of cancer deaths among humanity. It goes without saying that treatment is very aggressive, but not always successful. This success is dependent on two main factors: the type of tissue disease (histopathology) and the stage of the cancer. Determining the answers to these two factors is paramount to forming any sort of treatment plan, which is done with the collaboration of an oncology team and the patient. Together, this whole team will have to take into account the medical history of the patient, the patient’s general health, and the characteristics of the cancerous tumor. This latter consideration will further be divided into patients who are at low risk and patients who are at high risk for cancer recurrence.
Types of Lung Cancer
There are two main types of lung cancer: non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) and small cell lung cancer (SCLC).
NSCLC is the most common, accounting for nearly 80% of lung cancer cases. Among the NSCLC’s are 4 different types: squamous cell carcinoma, adenocarcinoma, bronchioalveolar carcinoma, and large-cell undifferentiated carcinoma. While these names sound very confusing, they describe exactly where or what the cancer is. For example, adenocarcinoma is found in the glands of the lungs that produce mucus; squamous cell carcinoma forms on the lining of the bronchial tubes.
SCLC, which makes up about 20% of all lung cancers, is almost always caused by smoking. The cells are small and multiply quickly and can form large tumors capable of spreading throughout the entire body.
Types of Treatment Plans
There are different options of treatment for lung cancer patients. As mentioned above, it depends on the progression of the disease and the type of cancer. Often times, surgery is accompanied by a type of radiation or chemotherapy.
Surgical Resection. This type of surgery is typically done only on patients in whom the cancer has not progressed outside the lung tissue. There are different techniques that may be chosen by the physician.
Thoracotomy. This surgery is performed through the chest wall.
Median Sternotomy. This surgery is performed by cutting through the breast bone.
Anterior Limited Thoracotomy. Performed on the frontal chest through a small incision, this type is less invasive than the standard thoracotomy and can result in less blood loss both during and after surgery, less post-operative drainage, and less pain after surgery.
Anterioraxillary Thoracotomy. Performed on the frontal chest near the underarm.
Posterolateral Thoracotomy. Performed on the back side of the trunk.
Wedge Section Surgery. This type of surgery is used to remove a tumor, or cancerous section of the lung, and some of the normal tissue surrounding it.
Lobectomy. A lobectomy removes a whole lobe of the lung.
Pneumonectomy. A surgery that removes one whole lung.
Cryosurgery. Uses an instrument to freeze and destroy abnormal tissue, a.k.a. cancerous tissue.
Electrocautery. Similar to cryosurgery, it uses a probe or needle that is heated by an electric current, aimed to destroy abnormal tissue.
Radiation Therapy. This type of cancer treatment uses high energy x-rays or other types of radiation to kill cancer cells and/or keep them from growing.
External Radiation Therapy. Uses a machine outside the body to send radiation toward the cancer.
Internal Radiation Therapy. Uses a radioactive substance concealed in a needle, wire, or catheter, and is placed directly on or near the cancer.
Chemotherapy. Uses drugs to stop the growth and spread of cancer; it either kills the cells or stops them from dividing. It can be administered by a vein or muscle injection, or it can be taken by mouth; either way, it enters the bloodstream and the hope is that it will reach the cancerous cells. Regional chemotherapy targets one specific area.
Targeted Therapy. Uses drugs or other powerful substances that target and attack specific cancer cells. It does this without harming normal cells. Some types of this therapy produce specific antibodies, and others inhibit the growth of certain signals that the tumors need in order to grow.
Decide with the Doctor
Unfortunately, there are times when the potential benefits of treatment don’t weigh out over the side effects. This is usually the case when the cancer has progressed to the last stage before it was diagnosed. In such an instance, the doctor would talk to you about providing medication and other supplements to make the pain more bearable.
Tuesday, October 5, 2010
Prostate cancer therapy
The prostate is a walnut shaped gland that is part of the male reproductive system. It is found just below the bladder and in front of the rectum. Prostate cancer is very common in older men and it occurs when cancer cells form in the prostate tissues. There are various therapies available for prostate cancer. The choice of which prostate cancer therapy is used to treat this disease depends on various factors involving the stage the prostate cancer has reached when diagnosed.
There are 3 stages of prostate cancer which are:
First stage: The cancer is confined to just the prostate gland.
Second stage: The cancer has advanced locally, meaning the cancer has spread to surrounding local organs.
Third Stage: The cancer has metastasized. This is an advanced stage where the cancer has spread to other organs in the body, as far away as the lungs or liver. This is the most difficult stage to treat.
The doctors need to first access the stage the prostate cancer is in before determining on the right prostate cancer therapy that will be the most effective. If the prostate cancer is in the early stages and the patient is an elderly man with other medical conditions, the doctor may choose to just closely monitor the patient’s condition without doing anything until a change is detected. This is called watchful waiting.
A patient who has prostate cancer and is otherwise in good health will be given the option of surgery. There are various types of surgeries that can be done:
Pelvic lymphadenectomy. This involves surgically removing the lymph nodes in the pelvis so a pathologist can determine if there are cancer cells present in the nodes.
Radical prostatectomy. Done only if no cancer cells are found in the lymph nodes. This involves removing the prostate, seminal vesicles and surrounding tissue. There are 2 types of radical prostatectomy that are done. A retropubic prostatectomy is the first type. This involves removing the prostate and nearby lymph nodes through the abdominal wall via incision. The second type is called a perineal prostatectomy. In this case, the prostate and nearby lymph nodes are removed through an incision made in the perineum. The perineum is the located between the scrotum and the anus.
Transurethral Resection of the Prostate (TURP). A surgical procedure where the tissue from the prostate is removed using a resectoscope to relieve symptoms being caused by a tumor before other prostate cancer therapies may be done. The resectoscope is a thin lighted tube that has a cutting tool on it which is inserted through the urethra to remove the tissue.
Radiation is also another form of prostate cancer therapy. There are two types of radiation and the particular type used for each individual will depend on the stage of the cancer being treated. One involves using radiation externally and the other involves using it internally. Radiation therapy is done to kill the cancer cells or keep them from growing. With external radiation, the radiologist uses a machine outside the body to radiate the cancer. With internal radiation, the radiologist uses radioactive seeds, needles, wires or catheters which are placed inside the body near the cancer. It should be noted that men who are treated with radiation therapy will be at a higher risk for developing bladder and rectal cancers. Radiation can also cause impotency and urinary problems.
Hormone therapy is also a form of prostate cancer therapy that can be used to treat some cancers. This type of therapy involves using drugs to stop the action of hormones so that the cancer cells will stop growing. For example, antiandrogens can block the hormones called male hormones called androgens that promote male characteristics. Certain ones can prevent the testicles from producing testosterone. Others can block the adrenal glands from producing androgens. A surgical procedure called an Orchiectomy can be done to remove the testicles to decrease male hormone production as well. Estrogens may also be given to prevent the production of testosterone.
Another prostate cancer therapy that is often used is called Cryosurgery. This involves the use of an instrument that freezes and destroys prostate cancer cells inside the body. Chemotherapy is often used in conjunction with most other treatments since chemotherapy can stop the growth of cancer cells. However, the use of chemotherapy depends on the type and stage of the prostate cancer.
There are 3 stages of prostate cancer which are:
First stage: The cancer is confined to just the prostate gland.
Second stage: The cancer has advanced locally, meaning the cancer has spread to surrounding local organs.
Third Stage: The cancer has metastasized. This is an advanced stage where the cancer has spread to other organs in the body, as far away as the lungs or liver. This is the most difficult stage to treat.
The doctors need to first access the stage the prostate cancer is in before determining on the right prostate cancer therapy that will be the most effective. If the prostate cancer is in the early stages and the patient is an elderly man with other medical conditions, the doctor may choose to just closely monitor the patient’s condition without doing anything until a change is detected. This is called watchful waiting.
A patient who has prostate cancer and is otherwise in good health will be given the option of surgery. There are various types of surgeries that can be done:
Pelvic lymphadenectomy. This involves surgically removing the lymph nodes in the pelvis so a pathologist can determine if there are cancer cells present in the nodes.
Radical prostatectomy. Done only if no cancer cells are found in the lymph nodes. This involves removing the prostate, seminal vesicles and surrounding tissue. There are 2 types of radical prostatectomy that are done. A retropubic prostatectomy is the first type. This involves removing the prostate and nearby lymph nodes through the abdominal wall via incision. The second type is called a perineal prostatectomy. In this case, the prostate and nearby lymph nodes are removed through an incision made in the perineum. The perineum is the located between the scrotum and the anus.
Transurethral Resection of the Prostate (TURP). A surgical procedure where the tissue from the prostate is removed using a resectoscope to relieve symptoms being caused by a tumor before other prostate cancer therapies may be done. The resectoscope is a thin lighted tube that has a cutting tool on it which is inserted through the urethra to remove the tissue.
Radiation is also another form of prostate cancer therapy. There are two types of radiation and the particular type used for each individual will depend on the stage of the cancer being treated. One involves using radiation externally and the other involves using it internally. Radiation therapy is done to kill the cancer cells or keep them from growing. With external radiation, the radiologist uses a machine outside the body to radiate the cancer. With internal radiation, the radiologist uses radioactive seeds, needles, wires or catheters which are placed inside the body near the cancer. It should be noted that men who are treated with radiation therapy will be at a higher risk for developing bladder and rectal cancers. Radiation can also cause impotency and urinary problems.
Hormone therapy is also a form of prostate cancer therapy that can be used to treat some cancers. This type of therapy involves using drugs to stop the action of hormones so that the cancer cells will stop growing. For example, antiandrogens can block the hormones called male hormones called androgens that promote male characteristics. Certain ones can prevent the testicles from producing testosterone. Others can block the adrenal glands from producing androgens. A surgical procedure called an Orchiectomy can be done to remove the testicles to decrease male hormone production as well. Estrogens may also be given to prevent the production of testosterone.
Another prostate cancer therapy that is often used is called Cryosurgery. This involves the use of an instrument that freezes and destroys prostate cancer cells inside the body. Chemotherapy is often used in conjunction with most other treatments since chemotherapy can stop the growth of cancer cells. However, the use of chemotherapy depends on the type and stage of the prostate cancer.
HCG diet recipes
The HCG diet is a very strict dieting strategy that severely limits caloric intake. This is actually an understatement because the diet allows only 500 calories per day. This restriction, along with daily injections of a synthetically produced hormone, HCG, gives the diet its uniqueness. The original idea was that it would help men and women lose fat (and, therefore, weight) and keep it off after returning to a more normal dietary pattern.
How Does the Diet Work?
HCG, or Human Chorionic Gonadotropin, is a hormone naturally produced in large amounts by the placenta during pregnancy. The hormone essentially controls the woman’s metabolic functions during this time. It allows for the fetus to receive the nutrients it needs even if the mother is restricting or not eating enough. The baby can live off the mother’s fat stores, and so the idea developed to turn this hormone into a diet. If injected with the hormone, a person’s fat stores will basically be depleted. An injection is given every day, except for the last three, for the duration of the diet, which only lasts for about a month. When the injected hormones take effect, the dieter can more easily be satisfied with 500 calories per day because fat stores are released to provide the energy needed. The foods consumed, to maximize hunger with so little quantities, should be high in protein and low in carbohydrates, fats, and void of junk foods.
HCG Recipes
The problem with going on this diet is that your normal, everyday cookbooks temporarily become useless. However, there are recipes that can be adapted, and some that have been produced specifically for this diet. All of the following recipes are suitable because they are low in calories and fat.
Fruit Salad
Try this sweet mixture of fresh fruits for breakfast!
1 cup sliced bananas
1 cup sliced strawberries
1 cup cubed, fresh pineapple
1 cup blueberries
Mix all together and enjoy!
Lettuce wraps
The fiber in the lettuce and vegetables, and the protein in the meat give a lasting feeling of fullness.
1 pounds lean ground beef or ground turkey. Mix with
Fajita seasoning, low fat & sugar free
Vegetable mixture (bell peppers and onion)
Brown the ground beef or turkey. Sauté vegetables in a medium-sized pan coated in cooking spray. Wrap both the meat and vegetables in lettuce leaves.
Shish Kabobs
This is not a cut and dry recipe; there are many variations with which to experiment!
Chunks of lean chicken or shrimp
Onion, tomato chunks or cherry tomatoes
Vegetables of choice
Put all on skewers. Season with herbs and lemon juice prior to grilling. Grill until cooked thoroughly.
Lively Citrus Basil Chicken
This dish is easy to throw together and is a perfect dinner for the rest of the family who isn’t even on the diet!
3 ½ oz 99% fat free chicken trimmed of visible fat
3 ½ oz chopped tomatoes
1 orange, peeled & cut into small pieces
Juice from ½ lemon
Basil (fresh or dried), as desired
Salt and pepper, as needed
Place a medium-sized skillet onto stove top; coat with cooking spray. Add chicken and lightly coat with salt and pepper; drizzle with lemon juice and extra water, if needed. Cook 3-4 minutes. Add chopped tomatoes, chopped orange, and basil. Simmer on low, for desired amount of marinating time, turning halfway through. Serve chicken on lettuce leaves.
Foil Baked Fish
A simple and satisfying twist on fish.
3 ½ oz fish
Juice of ½ of a lemon
Salt, pepper, and dill to taste
Put fish in foil (large enough to wrap around and seal). Drizzle with lemon juice and zest some of the rind around the fish. Season with salt, pepper, and dill. Bake in oven at 350 degrees Centigrade until cooked through.
Italian Herbed Fish and Broccoli
This meal is packed with protein, vitamins, and minerals.
3 ½ oz white fish
3 ½ oz broccoli, chopped
1 tomato, peeled & cut into small pieces
Basil, thyme, oregano (fresh or dried), as desired
Salt and pepper, as desired
2 tablespoons water
Put all spices, salt and pepper into the bottom of a medium-sized skillet. Add fish and drizzle with the lemon. Add broccoli and tomato with a few tablespoons of water over low-medium heat until fish is cooked through. Pour juices over fish and serve with lemon wedges.
Sweet ‘n Sour Lemonade
Perfect for anytime of day!
1 quart water
1 lemon (juice only)
2 packets calorie free natural sweetener
Ice cubes
Lemon slices, for garnish
Place water in a pitcher. Add the lemon juice and sweetener; stir. Add desired amount of ice. Garnish with sliced lemons.
Warm Apple Dessert
Craving some apple pie? This is a perfect substitute!
1 medium apple, cut into wedges
Cinnamon, as desired
1 packet no calorie sweetener
Dust apples with cinnamon and sweetener and combine in a microwaveable bowl. Heat the microwave for 2 minutes, or until apples are warm and to desired tenderness.
How Does the Diet Work?
HCG, or Human Chorionic Gonadotropin, is a hormone naturally produced in large amounts by the placenta during pregnancy. The hormone essentially controls the woman’s metabolic functions during this time. It allows for the fetus to receive the nutrients it needs even if the mother is restricting or not eating enough. The baby can live off the mother’s fat stores, and so the idea developed to turn this hormone into a diet. If injected with the hormone, a person’s fat stores will basically be depleted. An injection is given every day, except for the last three, for the duration of the diet, which only lasts for about a month. When the injected hormones take effect, the dieter can more easily be satisfied with 500 calories per day because fat stores are released to provide the energy needed. The foods consumed, to maximize hunger with so little quantities, should be high in protein and low in carbohydrates, fats, and void of junk foods.
HCG Recipes
The problem with going on this diet is that your normal, everyday cookbooks temporarily become useless. However, there are recipes that can be adapted, and some that have been produced specifically for this diet. All of the following recipes are suitable because they are low in calories and fat.
Fruit Salad
Try this sweet mixture of fresh fruits for breakfast!
1 cup sliced bananas
1 cup sliced strawberries
1 cup cubed, fresh pineapple
1 cup blueberries
Mix all together and enjoy!
Lettuce wraps
The fiber in the lettuce and vegetables, and the protein in the meat give a lasting feeling of fullness.
1 pounds lean ground beef or ground turkey. Mix with
Fajita seasoning, low fat & sugar free
Vegetable mixture (bell peppers and onion)
Brown the ground beef or turkey. Sauté vegetables in a medium-sized pan coated in cooking spray. Wrap both the meat and vegetables in lettuce leaves.
Shish Kabobs
This is not a cut and dry recipe; there are many variations with which to experiment!
Chunks of lean chicken or shrimp
Onion, tomato chunks or cherry tomatoes
Vegetables of choice
Put all on skewers. Season with herbs and lemon juice prior to grilling. Grill until cooked thoroughly.
Lively Citrus Basil Chicken
This dish is easy to throw together and is a perfect dinner for the rest of the family who isn’t even on the diet!
3 ½ oz 99% fat free chicken trimmed of visible fat
3 ½ oz chopped tomatoes
1 orange, peeled & cut into small pieces
Juice from ½ lemon
Basil (fresh or dried), as desired
Salt and pepper, as needed
Place a medium-sized skillet onto stove top; coat with cooking spray. Add chicken and lightly coat with salt and pepper; drizzle with lemon juice and extra water, if needed. Cook 3-4 minutes. Add chopped tomatoes, chopped orange, and basil. Simmer on low, for desired amount of marinating time, turning halfway through. Serve chicken on lettuce leaves.
Foil Baked Fish
A simple and satisfying twist on fish.
3 ½ oz fish
Juice of ½ of a lemon
Salt, pepper, and dill to taste
Put fish in foil (large enough to wrap around and seal). Drizzle with lemon juice and zest some of the rind around the fish. Season with salt, pepper, and dill. Bake in oven at 350 degrees Centigrade until cooked through.
Italian Herbed Fish and Broccoli
This meal is packed with protein, vitamins, and minerals.
3 ½ oz white fish
3 ½ oz broccoli, chopped
1 tomato, peeled & cut into small pieces
Basil, thyme, oregano (fresh or dried), as desired
Salt and pepper, as desired
2 tablespoons water
Put all spices, salt and pepper into the bottom of a medium-sized skillet. Add fish and drizzle with the lemon. Add broccoli and tomato with a few tablespoons of water over low-medium heat until fish is cooked through. Pour juices over fish and serve with lemon wedges.
Sweet ‘n Sour Lemonade
Perfect for anytime of day!
1 quart water
1 lemon (juice only)
2 packets calorie free natural sweetener
Ice cubes
Lemon slices, for garnish
Place water in a pitcher. Add the lemon juice and sweetener; stir. Add desired amount of ice. Garnish with sliced lemons.
Warm Apple Dessert
Craving some apple pie? This is a perfect substitute!
1 medium apple, cut into wedges
Cinnamon, as desired
1 packet no calorie sweetener
Dust apples with cinnamon and sweetener and combine in a microwaveable bowl. Heat the microwave for 2 minutes, or until apples are warm and to desired tenderness.
Testicular cancer
The American Cancer Society estimates that the number of men who are being diagnosed with testicular cancer each year is now about 8,500. Every year a little less than 400 men die from testicular cancer in the United States. Testicular cancer makes up for less than 1% of all cancers so it is not a very common form of cancer. The cancer starts in or around the testicles and causes a noticeable lump to form. The majority of men who develop this form of cancer are typically between ages 20 and 34. However it can be found in younger or older men as well. If a man ever notices a swelling or lump around their testicles they should go to their doctor immediately and have a thorough medical evaluation. If testicular cancer is caught early enough there is a 90% cure rate. When the cancer is allowed to progress the cure rate dropped dramatically. It should be noted that men can develop testicular cancer after another cancer that has spread to this area from other parts of the body.
One of the first symptoms of this type of cancer is a feeling of pressure or a lump in the scrotum. Along with the lump is a feeling of heaviness in the scrotum. There may or may not be pain in the testicles and penis. If there is pain it may come and go. Fluid tends to collect in the scrotum as well and men will feel and notice that they have an ach in their abdomen area. The scrotum may also become swollen. Men can check for testicular cancer every month much the same as women do for breast cancer. The cause of testicular cancer is unknown. Men who have an un-descended testicle are more at risk for this type of cancer. Most medical professionals believe that genetics play a major factor in men who develop testicular cancer. If a man has a brother who has had this cancer it puts him in a higher risk group for it. It has been associated with mumps in men as well. Men who have a problem with fertility should be tested for this cancer as it may be the cause of their infertility.
Men often make the mistake of thinking that they have this type of cancer if one testicle is larger than the other. However this is not necessarily the case. The doctor must do an ultra sound on the scrotum and blood tests to determine the presence of cancer. If there is a lump in the scrotum or testicle it needs to have a biopsy done on it to determine if there are any malignant cells. The lump is removed and the affected testicle is removed as well cancerous cells are found. After the surgical removal of the lump and testicle a follow up treatment is done with radiation and chemotherapy.
If this type of cancer is left untreated it will become 100% fatal. However, if the cancer is caught early enough men can live a long and normal healthy life afterward. Men who have their testicle removed because of cancer do not suffer adverse effects on their sexual life. The doctor may detect testicular cancer during a routine physical exam as he will be able to feel the lump. If a lump is felt the doctor will order an ultrasound test. The final step in diagnosing this kind of cancer is a biopsy of the lump. Once diagnosed other tests have to be done to determine if the cancer has spread to other parts of the body. Men should always go in for yearly medical check ups just as women are told to do.
One of the first symptoms of this type of cancer is a feeling of pressure or a lump in the scrotum. Along with the lump is a feeling of heaviness in the scrotum. There may or may not be pain in the testicles and penis. If there is pain it may come and go. Fluid tends to collect in the scrotum as well and men will feel and notice that they have an ach in their abdomen area. The scrotum may also become swollen. Men can check for testicular cancer every month much the same as women do for breast cancer. The cause of testicular cancer is unknown. Men who have an un-descended testicle are more at risk for this type of cancer. Most medical professionals believe that genetics play a major factor in men who develop testicular cancer. If a man has a brother who has had this cancer it puts him in a higher risk group for it. It has been associated with mumps in men as well. Men who have a problem with fertility should be tested for this cancer as it may be the cause of their infertility.
Men often make the mistake of thinking that they have this type of cancer if one testicle is larger than the other. However this is not necessarily the case. The doctor must do an ultra sound on the scrotum and blood tests to determine the presence of cancer. If there is a lump in the scrotum or testicle it needs to have a biopsy done on it to determine if there are any malignant cells. The lump is removed and the affected testicle is removed as well cancerous cells are found. After the surgical removal of the lump and testicle a follow up treatment is done with radiation and chemotherapy.
If this type of cancer is left untreated it will become 100% fatal. However, if the cancer is caught early enough men can live a long and normal healthy life afterward. Men who have their testicle removed because of cancer do not suffer adverse effects on their sexual life. The doctor may detect testicular cancer during a routine physical exam as he will be able to feel the lump. If a lump is felt the doctor will order an ultrasound test. The final step in diagnosing this kind of cancer is a biopsy of the lump. Once diagnosed other tests have to be done to determine if the cancer has spread to other parts of the body. Men should always go in for yearly medical check ups just as women are told to do.
PhD studentships in Medical Science – Clinical Pharmacology at Uppsala University Hospital
Uppsala University hereby declares the following position to be open for application:
PhD student position in Medical Science – Clinical Pharmacology
at the Department of Medical Sciences, Uppsala University Hospital.
The research project focus on preclinical models for the identification and characterization of potentially new cancer drugs, targeting colorectal cancer (CRC). Cell line models of CRC, genetically modified for signal pathways known to be aberrantly expressed in CRC will be screened for cytotoxic activity of molecules in giant chemical libraries. Screening hits will then be further characterized in more clinically relevant tumour models of tumour cell spheroids and tumour cells from patients, followed by mechanistic characterization based on eg analysis of gene expression patterns. Candidate drugs will then be inquired in to in vivo in tumour bearing animals, hopefully followed by clinical testing in collaboration with drug companies.
The applicant ought to have comprehensive medical knowledge at the preclinical and clinical level to be able to understand and perform the project and to, in relation to the project group in total, represent a clinical point of view. The applicant is also in require of documented experience of preclinical techniques basic to the project, notably tumour cell culture and measurement of cellular cytotoxicity. Since the project will include tumour samples from patients, the applicant has to be able to read and understand patient files and pathology reports to extract relevant clinical information.
Earlier experience in experimental research is a merit. Skills in oral and written english is necessary. The application ought to include a curriculum vitae, copies of exams, degrees and grades, a replica of your Master thesis (or a draft thereof), references, a short description of the applicant and his/her experience. Letter(s) of recommendation may be included.
PhD student position in Medical Science – Clinical Pharmacology
at the Department of Medical Sciences, Uppsala University Hospital.
The research project focus on preclinical models for the identification and characterization of potentially new cancer drugs, targeting colorectal cancer (CRC). Cell line models of CRC, genetically modified for signal pathways known to be aberrantly expressed in CRC will be screened for cytotoxic activity of molecules in giant chemical libraries. Screening hits will then be further characterized in more clinically relevant tumour models of tumour cell spheroids and tumour cells from patients, followed by mechanistic characterization based on eg analysis of gene expression patterns. Candidate drugs will then be inquired in to in vivo in tumour bearing animals, hopefully followed by clinical testing in collaboration with drug companies.
The applicant ought to have comprehensive medical knowledge at the preclinical and clinical level to be able to understand and perform the project and to, in relation to the project group in total, represent a clinical point of view. The applicant is also in require of documented experience of preclinical techniques basic to the project, notably tumour cell culture and measurement of cellular cytotoxicity. Since the project will include tumour samples from patients, the applicant has to be able to read and understand patient files and pathology reports to extract relevant clinical information.
Earlier experience in experimental research is a merit. Skills in oral and written english is necessary. The application ought to include a curriculum vitae, copies of exams, degrees and grades, a replica of your Master thesis (or a draft thereof), references, a short description of the applicant and his/her experience. Letter(s) of recommendation may be included.
Saturday, October 2, 2010
Mengetahui Informasi Detail Dari CPU
Suatu saat kita membutuhkan informasi detail tentang hardware apa yang kita punyai dan terpasang di komputer kita. Memang kita bisa mengetahui secara ringkas lewat tools yang disediakan Windows. Tetapi terkadang itu belum cukup, untuk informasi detailnya kita membutuhkan bantuan program lain.
Blogger PCWorld menyarankan memakai program CPU-Z. Program gratis yang akan menunjukkan semua macam informasi tentang hardware Anda: model processor, ukuran dan kecepatan RAM, merek dan versi BIOS dan semua macam informasi lainnya yang mungkin Anda butuhkan jika terjadi masalah dengan CPU Anda.
CPU-Z juga bisa digunakan untuk keperluan lainnya, seperti tipe memori seperti apa yang perlu dibeli untuk upgrade sistem Anda. Cek di bagian tab Memory. Sebagai contoh, dari sana Anda tahu kalau Anda punya DDR2 RAM, 400MHz dan dual-channel. Dan di tab SPD menunjukkan apa yang ada di setiap slot memori. Misal akan ditunjukkan di slot 1 dan 2 masing-masing terdapat 1024 Mb (alias 1Gb) modul PC2-6400 beserta merknya. Maka lengkap sudah panduan Anda untuk membeli memori lagi agar totalnya bisa 4Gb.
Jika Anda merasa perlu mendapatkan informasi detail tentang hardware dari CPU Anda, CPU-Z sudah sangat cukup memberikan itu semua dan hebatnya gratis pula!
download di http://www.pcworld.com/downloads/file/fid,64352-order,4/description.html
Blogger PCWorld menyarankan memakai program CPU-Z. Program gratis yang akan menunjukkan semua macam informasi tentang hardware Anda: model processor, ukuran dan kecepatan RAM, merek dan versi BIOS dan semua macam informasi lainnya yang mungkin Anda butuhkan jika terjadi masalah dengan CPU Anda.
CPU-Z juga bisa digunakan untuk keperluan lainnya, seperti tipe memori seperti apa yang perlu dibeli untuk upgrade sistem Anda. Cek di bagian tab Memory. Sebagai contoh, dari sana Anda tahu kalau Anda punya DDR2 RAM, 400MHz dan dual-channel. Dan di tab SPD menunjukkan apa yang ada di setiap slot memori. Misal akan ditunjukkan di slot 1 dan 2 masing-masing terdapat 1024 Mb (alias 1Gb) modul PC2-6400 beserta merknya. Maka lengkap sudah panduan Anda untuk membeli memori lagi agar totalnya bisa 4Gb.
Jika Anda merasa perlu mendapatkan informasi detail tentang hardware dari CPU Anda, CPU-Z sudah sangat cukup memberikan itu semua dan hebatnya gratis pula!
download di http://www.pcworld.com/downloads/file/fid,64352-order,4/description.html
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